In the 1700s, European sheep wreaked havoc on Mauna Kea’s dry forest, disrupting the natural growth of mamane trees for many years. Efforts to remove these sheep began in the 1930s, marked by the construction of a massive fence. However, the subsequent introduction of mouflon and legal challenges made conservation efforts even more complex. Today, the forest still shows significant signs of alteration and continues to face numerous threats.
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