In 1887, a Massachusetts chemist tested 20,000 polluted water samples in two years; her findings brought America’s first state water-quality standards

Ellen Swallow Richards led a significant survey on water quality in Massachusetts during the late 19th century. This two-year investigation analyzed over 20,000 water samples to identify pollution patterns. The results helped establish the first state water-quality standards in the United States. Richards developed a Normal Chlorine Map, which visually represented variations in chlorine levels across the state.
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