A reported 1984 experiment beneath Sweden’s frozen Lake Erken used red dye to study winter currents; the account said 95% remained in the upper seven metres after 26 hours

In Sweden, hydrologist Lars Bengtsson undertook winter tracer experiments in lakes to understand dye dispersion beneath ice cover. These studies revealed how wind-induced tilting of ice creates seiche currents below, although these currents are notably less vigorous than the summer mixing that typically occurs in lakes. Consequently, the presence of ice fosters water stratification, limiting vertical mixing throughout the water column.
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