In 1978, Seoul began dumping its rubbish on a river island; 15 years and 92 million cubic metres of waste later, two 98-metre garbage mountains were sealed beneath five ecological parks

Nanjido island became Seoul’s primary landfill for fifteen years, accumulating vast amounts of waste. This site, once a notorious eyesore, was later transformed into public parks. Impermeable barriers and gas wells were installed to manage pollution and extract energy. Vegetation surveys revealed exotic species dominating the landfill slopes after capping. Five parks now form World Cup Park, attracting international visitors and showcasing land restoration.
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