In 2023, archaeologists using Cold War satellite images found 396 previously unrecorded Roman forts across Syria and Iraq, challenging an old theory about the empire’s eastern frontier

In 2013, archaeologists used declassified Cold War satellite imagery to uncover hundreds of previously unknown Roman forts across Syria and northern Iraq. The discoveries challenged the long-held idea that Rome’s eastern frontier formed a defensive barrier, instead revealing a connected network that supported trade, troop movement and communication. The research also preserved evidence of forts later destroyed by modern development and conflict.
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