From 1899 to 1902, wartime horse fodder may have carried Argentine ants into South Africa; the insects later disrupted the recovery of some large-seeded plants
British forces brought horses and supplies to South Africa during a war. Imported horse fodder linked to the arrival of Argentine ants. These ants disrupted native seed dispersal relationships with plants. This ecological change resulted from wartime supply chain connections. Human movement and warfare caused unintended environmental consequences.
